@article {18,
	title = {Acanthocephala from lake fishes in Wisconsin: ecology and host relationships of Pomphorhynchus bulbocolli (Pomphorhynchidae).},
	journal = {J Parasitol},
	volume = {73},
	year = {1987},
	month = {1987 Apr},
	pages = {278-89},
	abstract = {<p>Pomphorhynchus bulbocolli Linkins in Van Cleave, 1919, was considerably more common in fishes of the river-connected Tichigan Lake than of the landlocked Silver Lake, southeastern Wisconsin. It is reported from 17 species of principal, accessory, and occasional definitive hosts (new record in Moxostoma carinatum) and from 13 species of paratenic hosts (new records in Amia calva, Ictalurus punctatus, Lepomis cyanellus, and Pomoxis nigromaculatus). Infection patterns were influenced by fish species, feeding behavior, temperature, availability of intermediate host, type of water body, fish movement, and changes in fish host community. Host roles are not fixed but are often interchangeable. A seasonal cycle in prevalence, intensity, and maturation was evident, with greatest abundance and maturation during summer and recruitment during summer and autumn. Recruitment of new infections, development, and release of eggs, however, occurred all year. Sex ratio changed from near equal in new infections to one more highly in favor of females in older adults. Female fish were considerably more frequently and heavily infected than males. No relationship with fish age (size) was evident. Worms were mostly attached in posterior intestinal locations but initial establishment sites correlated with temperature. Translocation of P. bulbocolli due to competitive exclusion in concurrent infections was not observed. The significance of extraintestinal larval forms in the cycle of transmission was noted.</p>
},
	keywords = {Acanthocephala, Animals, Female, Fish Diseases, Fishes, Helminthiasis, Helminthiasis, Animal, Host-Parasite Interactions, Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic, Male, Seasons, Wisconsin},
	issn = {0022-3395},
	author = {Amin, O M}
}
@article {21,
	title = {Description and host relationships of Polymorphus spindlatus n. sp. (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) from the heron Nycticorax nycticorax in Peru.},
	journal = {J Parasitol},
	volume = {77},
	year = {1991},
	month = {1991 Apr},
	pages = {201-5},
	abstract = {<p>Polymorphus spindlatus n. sp. is described from the black-crowned night heron, Nycticorax nycticorax, in Lake Titicaca, Peru. It is distinguished from all 27 known species of the subgenus Polymorphus by its spindle-shaped proboscis and its trunk shape, the anterior 2/3 of which is ovoid, tapering into a tubular posterior end. It resembles Polymorphus brevis (=Arhythmorhynchus brevis), which is, however, longer and considerably more slender, and has smaller and more numerous proboscis hooks per row and smaller eggs. It is separated also from Polymorphus swartzi, Polymorphus striatus, Polymorphus contortus, and Polymorphus cincli by its proboscis armature (usually 18 longitudinal rows of 11-13 hooks each), among other characters. Histopathological sections of host tissue show well defined localized damage including hemorrhaging with subsequent phagocyte cell migration (granular tissue). The lumen of the host intestine is obstructed and villi show compression. The proboscis of P. spindlatus extends through the intestinal mucosa and submucosa, displacing the smooth muscle layers of the muscularis externa. Fibrosis also was observed.</p>},
	keywords = {Acanthocephala, Animals, Bird Diseases, Birds, Female, Helminthiasis, Helminthiasis, Animal, Host-Parasite Interactions, Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic, Intestines, Male},
	issn = {0022-3395},
	author = {Amin, O M and Heckmann, R A}
}
