@article {124,
	title = {New species of thorny-headed worms of the genus Echinorhynchus (Echinorhynchidae) from fish of the southwestern Atlantic},
	journal = {Novye vidy skrebneǐ roda Echinorhynchus (Echinorhynchidae) ot ryb Iugo-Zapadnoǐ Atlantiki.ParazitologiiaParazitologiia},
	volume = {20},
	year = {1986},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996):7Export Date: 29 April 2013Source: ScopusPubMed ID: 3737237Language of Original Document: RussianCorrespondence Address: Rodiuk, G.N.},
	month = {1986///},
	pages = {224 - 227},
	abstract = {Two new species of Acanthocephala of the genus Echinorhynchus were found and described from fishes of Falkland-Patagonia and South Georgia Island area. E. longiproboscis sp. n. from Dissostichus eleginoides and Macrourus holotrachys intestines differs from its close relative E. gadi (Zoega in M{\"u}ller, 1776) in proboscis armature and the proboscis to the body length ratio. E. georgianus sp. n. from D. eleginoides intestines differs from E. gadi in proboscis armature and length and shape of the basal hooks.},
	keywords = {Acanthocephala, Acanthocephalus, animal, article, Atlantic islands, classification, English Abstract, fish, Fishes, histology, Parasitology},
	isbn = {00311847 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-17144467754\&partnerID=40\&md5=47659c00fb3a4607baffc45dd3a5bd6e},
	author = {Rodiuk, G.N.}
}
@article {123,
	title = {Echinorhynchus hexagrammi Baeva, 1965 (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae) from marine fishes off Hokkaido, Japan, with morphological observations and new host records},
	journal = {Systematic ParasitologySyst. Parasitol.},
	volume = {80},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996):1Export Date: 29 April 2013Source: ScopusCODEN: SYPAD:doi 10.1007/s11230-011-9307-xPubMed ID: 21805389Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Katahira, H.; Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan; email: paraparaparasites@gmail.comReferences: Allen, M.J., Smith, G.B., Atlas and zoogeography of common fishes in the Bering Sea and northeastern Pacific (1988) NOAA Technical Report NMFS, 66, pp. 1-151;Amin, O.M., Redline, M.J., The effect of host species on growth and variability of Echinorhynchus salmonis M{\"u}ller, 1784 (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae), with special reference to the status of the genus (1980) Systematic Parasitology, 2, pp. 9-20; 
Araki, J., Machida, M., Some acanthocephalans from marine fishes of northern Japan, with descriptions of two new species, Acanthocephaloides ichiharai and A. claviformis (1987) Bulletin of National Science Museum, Tokyo, Series A, 13, pp. 1-11; 
Baeva, O.M., On the helminth fauna of Far-Eastern mackerel (1965) Parasitic worms of domestic and wild animals. Papers on helminthology presented to Prof, pp. 23-32. , In: Leonov, V. A., Mamaev, Yu. L., \& Oshmarin, P. G. (Eds), A. A. Sobolev on the 40th anniversary of his scientific and teaching activity.] Vladivostok: Dalnevostochnii Gosudarstvennii Universitet, (In Russian); 
Froese, R., Pauly, D., (2010) FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication, , http://www.fishbase.org/, Available from, (accessed 6 January 2011); 
Kennedy, C.R., (2006) Ecology of the Acanthocephala, p. 249. , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 
Ronald, K., The metazoan parasites of the Heterosomata of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. I. Echinorhynchus laurentianus sp. nov. (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae) (1957) Canadian Journal of Zoology, 35, pp. 437-439; 
Shostak, A.W., Dick, T.A., Szalai, A.J., Bernier, L.M.J., Morphological variability in Echinorhynchus gadi, E. leidyi, and E. salmonis (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae) from fishes in northern Canadian waters (1986) Canadian Journal of Zoology, 64, pp. 985-995
},
	month = {2011///},
	pages = {35 - 40},
	abstract = {Echinorhynchus hexagrammi Baeva, 1965 is redescribed on the basis of specimens collected from the saffron cod Eleginus gracilis (Tilesius) in Akkeshi Bay (western North Pacific) off Hokkaido, Japan. Eighteen museum specimens deposited as E. salmonis M{\"u}ller, 1784 from Japanese coastal waters were also re-examined and re-identified as E. hexagrammi. Hexagrammos stelleri Tilesius, Hemitripterus villosus (Pallas), Podothecus sachi (Jordan \& Snyder), Sebastes oblongus G{\"u}nther and Verasper moseri Jordan \& Gilbert are recognised as new hosts for E. hexagrammi. This acanthocephalan can be distinguished from three morphologically similar species, E. gadi Zoega in M{\"u}ller, 1776, E. laurentianus Ronald, 1957 and E. salmonis, by the possession of the following characters: 12-16 (usually 14) rows of hook on the proboscis, a proboscis width of 170-240 μm in males and 195-270 μm in females, a hook root length of 35-45 μm in males and 40-50 μm in females, and linearly or almost linearly arranged cement glands in males. {\textcopyright} 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.},
	keywords = {Acanthocephala, animal, Animals, article, classification, Echinorhynchidae, Echinorhynchus hexagrammi, Eleginus gracilis, Female, fish, Fishes, Hemitripterus villosus, Hexagrammos stelleri, histology, host range, Host Specificity, isolation and purification, Japan, Male, Microscopy, Parasitology, Pisces, Podothecus sachi, sea water, Seawater, Sebastes oblongus, Verasper moseri},
	isbn = {01655752 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79961011982\&partnerID=40\&md5=3ef0e4030fb4635273913e3b666c5360},
	author = {Katahira, H. and Nagasawa, K.}
}
@article {43,
	title = {Proboscis profiler: A tool for detecting acanthocephalan morphotypes},
	journal = {Systematic Parasitology},
	volume = {76},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996):3Export Date: 23 April 2013Source: ScopusCODEN: SYPAD:doi 10.1007/s11230-010-9245-zPubMed ID: 20532847Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Wayland, M. T.; Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, United Kingdom; email: mw283@cam.ac.ukReferences: Amin, O.M., Redlin, M.J., The effect of host species on growth and variability of Echinorhynchus salmonis M{\"u}ller, 1784 (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae), with special reference to the status of the genus (1980) Systematic Parasitology, 2, pp. 9-20;Baier, T., Neuwirth, E., Excel::COM::R (2007) Computational Statistics, 22, pp. 91-108; 
Buron, I., de Renaud, F., Euzet, L., Speciation and specificity of acanthocephalans. Genetic and morphological studies of Acanthocephaloides geneticus sp. nov. parasitizing Arnoglossus laterna (Bothidae) from the Mediterranean littoral (S{\`e}te - France) (1986) Parasitology, 92, pp. 165-171; 
Golvan, Y.J., Nomenclature of the Acanthocephala (1994) Research and Reviews in Parasitology, 54, pp. 135-205; 
Huffman, D.G., Bullock, W.L., Meristograms: Graphical analysis of serial variation of proboscis hooks of Echinorhynchus (Acanthocephala) (1975) Systematic Zoology, 24, pp. 333-345; 
Huffman, D.G., Nickol, B.B., Meristogram analysis of the acanthocephalan genus Pomphorhynchus in North America (1978) Journal of Parasitology, 64, pp. 851-859; 
Mart{\'\i}nez-Aquino, A., Reyna-Fabi{\'a}n, M.E., Rosas-Valdez, R., Razo-Mendivil, U., de Le{\'o}n, G.P., Garc{\'\i}a-Varela, M., Detecting a complex of cryptic species within Neoechinorhynchus golvani (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) inferred from ITSs and LSU rDNA gene sequences (2009) Journal of Parasitology, 95, pp. 1040-1047; 
O{\textquoteright}Mahony, E.M., Kennedy, C.R., Holland, C.V., Comparison of morphological characters in Irish and English populations of the acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus laevis (M{\"u}ller, 1776) (2004) Systematic Parasitology, 59, pp. 147-157; 
(2009) R: A language and environment for statistical computing, , http://www.R-project.org, R Development Core Team, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0, URL; 
Steinauer, M.L., Nickol, B.B., Ort{\'\i}, G., Cryptic speciation and patterns of phenotypic variation of a highly variable acanthocephalan parasite (2007) Molecular Ecology, 16, pp. 4097-4109; 
V{\"a}in{\"o}l{\"a}, R., Valtonen, E.T., Gibson, D.I., Molecular systematics in the acanthocephalan genus Echinorhynchus (sensu lato) in northern Europe (1994) Parasitology, 108, pp. 105-114; 
van Cleave, H.J., A critical study of the Acanthocephala described and identified by Joseph Leidy (1924) Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia, 76, pp. 279-334; 
van Cleave, H.J., Hook patterns on the acanthocephalan proboscis (1941) Quarterly Reviews in Biology, 16, pp. 157-172; 
Wayland, M.T., Gibson, D.I., Sommerville, C., Echinorhynchus salmonis M{\"u}ller, 1784 (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae) from the Bothnian Bay, Baltic Sea: Morphological variability and radial asymmetry of proboscis hooks (2004) Systematic Parasitology, 58, pp. 149-158; 
Wayland, M.T., Gibson, D.I., Sommerville, C., Morphometric discrimination of two allozymically diagnosed sibling species of the Echinorhynchus gadi Zoega in M{\"u}ller complex (Acanthocephala) in the North Sea (2005) Systematic Parasitology, 60, pp. 139-149
},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {159 - 167},
	abstract = {<p>Molecular studies conducted over the past 25 years have revealed previously unrecognised diversity in the phylum Acanthocephala. Several nominal species have been shown to represent complexes of morphologically cryptic biological species, a situation potentially confounding the analysis of ecological data. A software tool, \&$\#$39;Proboscis profiler\&$\#$39;, was developed to detect morphological heterogeneity in collections of superficially similar acanthocephalan worms based on the multivariate statistical analysis of proboscis hook dimensions. Proboscis profiler identifies objective, natural groups in a collection of acanthocephalans which may correspond to distinct biological species or populations. Initial trials demonstrate that Proboscis profiler can discriminate biological acanthocephalan species of the Echinorhynchus gadi Zoega in M\&uuml;ller, 1776 complex and differentiate between dorsal and ventral hook rows from the proboscis of E. salmonis M\&uuml;ller, 1784. Proboscis profiler is free software and can be downloaded from http://acanthocephala.sourceforge.net. \&copy; 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.</p>
},
	keywords = {Acanthocephala, Acanthocephala (worms), Acanthocephalus, animal, animal anatomy, Animal Structures, Animals, article, biology, classification, Computational Biology, computer program, Echinorhynchus gadi, evaluation, histology, methodology, Parasitology, Software},
	isbn = {01655752 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77953482244\&partnerID=40\&md5=a436ba379ee0de9304cd19acd1a8f58a},
	author = {Wayland, M.T.}
}
@article {45,
	title = {Echinorhynchus salmonis M{\"u}ller, 1784 (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae) from the Bothnian Bay, Baltic Sea: Morphological variability and radial asymmetry of proboscis hooks},
	journal = {Systematic ParasitologySyst. Parasitol.},
	volume = {58},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Cited By (since 1996):4Export Date: 23 April 2013Source: ScopusCODEN: SYPAD:doi 10.1023/B:SYPA.0000029419.07989.1aPubMed ID: 15449830Language of Original Document: EnglishCorrespondence Address: Wayland, M.T.; Microarray Group, MRC HGMP-Resource Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SB, United KingdomReferences: Aho, J.M., Mulvey, M., Jacobson, K.C., Esch, G.W., Genetic differentiation among congeneric acanthocephalans in the yellow-bellied slider turtle (1992) Journal of Parasitology, 78, pp. 974-981;Amin, O.A., Redlin, M.J., The effect of host species on growth and variability of Echinorhynchus salmonis M{\"u}ller, 1784 (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae), with special reference to the status of the genus (1980) Systematic Parasitology, 2, pp. 9-20; 
Amin, O.A., On the crustacean hosts of larval acanthocephalan and cestode parasites in southwestern Lake Michigan (1978) Journal of Parasitology, 64, pp. 842-845; 
Amin, O.A., Classification (1985) Biology of the Acanthocephala, pp. 27-72. , Crompton, D.W.T. \& Nickol, B.B. (Eds) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 
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Brownell, W.N., Comparison of Mysis relicta and Pontoporeia affinis as possible intermediate hosts for the acanthocephalan Echinorhynchus salmonis (1970) Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 21, pp. 1864-1866; 
De Buron, I., Loubes, C., Maurand, J., Infection and pathological alterations within the acanthocephalan Acanthocephaloides propinquus attributable to the microsporidian hyperparasite Microsporidium acanthocephali (1990) Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 109, pp. 91-97; 
De Giusti, D.I., Budd, J., A three-year survey of the infection rate of Echinorhynchus coregoni and Cyathocephalus truncatus in their intermediate host Pontoporeia affinis from South Bay Mouth, Ontario (1959) Journal of Parasitology, 45, p. 25; 
Gee, R.J., A comparative morphological study of the Stutzzelle (support cell) in the phylum Acanthocephala (1986) Canadian Journal of Zoology, 65, pp. 660-668; 
Giles, N., (1994) Freshwater Fish of the British Isles, 192p. , Shrewsbury: Swan Hill Press; 
Golvan, Y.J., Systematique des Acanthocephales (Acanthocephala Rudolphi, 1801), l{\textquoteright}ordre des Palaeacanthocephala Meyer, 1931, la superfamille des Echinorhynchidea (Cobbold, 1876) Golvan et Houin 1973 (1969) Memoires du Museum Nationale d{\textquoteright}Histoire Naturelle, 47, pp. 1-373; 
Golvan, Y.J., Nomenclature of the Acanthocephala (1994) Research and Reviews in Parasitology, 54, pp. 135-205; 
Grabda-Kazubska, B., Ejsymont, L., Studies on the morphology, variability and systematic status of Echinorhynchus borealis Linstow, 1901 (Acanthocephala, Echinorhynchidae) (1969) Acta Parasitologica Polonica, 17, pp. 65-87; 
Huffman, D.G., Bullock, W.L., Meristograms: Graphical analysis of serial variation of proboscis hooks ot Echinorhynchus (Acanthocephala) (1975) Systematic Zoology, 24, pp. 333-345; 
Huffman, D.G., Nickol, B.B., Meristogram analysis of the acanthocephalan genus Pomphorhynchus in North America (1978) Journal of Parasitology, 64, pp. 851-859; 
Kostylev, N.N., Notes regarding v. Linstow{\textquoteright}s paper on the Acanthocephala of the Zoological Museum of the Academy of Science of U.R.S.S. (1925) Ezhegodnik Zoologicheskogo Muzeya, Akademii Nauk SSSR, L{\'e}ningrad, 26, pp. 1-9. , In Russian; 
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Liu, L., Wang, B., Yang, T., Notes on the parasites of the carp of Qinhai Hu (1981) Journal of Fisheries of China, 5, pp. 295-299. , In Chinese; 
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Muzzall, P.M., Parasites of Pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus spp., from the Great Lakes (1995) Journal of Great Lakes Research, 21, pp. 248-256; 
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Shostak, A.W., Dick, T.A., Szalai, A.J., Bernier, L.M.J., Morphological variability in Echinorhynchus gadi, E. leidyi, and E. salmonis (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae) from fishes in Northern Canadian waters (1986) Canadian Journal of Zoology, 64, pp. 985-995; 
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Van Cleave, H.J., Notes on the life cycle of two species of Acanthocephala from freshwater fishes (1920) Journal of Parasitology, 6, pp. 167-173; 
Van Cleave, H.J., A critical study of the Acanthocephala described and identified by Joseph Leidy (1924) Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 76, pp. 279-334; 
Van Cleave, H.J., Hook patterns on the acanthocephalan proboscis (1941) Quarterly Reviews in Biology, 16, pp. 157-172; 
Ward, H.L., Acanthocephala from the burbot {\textquoteright}eel{\textquoteright} (Lota vulgaris), with special reference to the variation in the female Echinorhynchus coregoni (1937) Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 56, pp. 355-363; 
Wayland, M.T., (2002) Studies on the Biosystematics of Species of the Genus Echinorhynchus (Acanthocephala), 344p. , PhD Thesis, University of Stirling; 
Yamaguti, S., (1963) Acanthocephala. Systema helminthum, 5, 423p. , New York \& London: Wiley Interscience
},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {149 - 158},
	abstract = {<p>Echinorhynchus salmonis is a common parasite of salmoniform and other fishes, occurring in fresh and brackish waters throughout the Holarctic. Presented here is the first analysis of the morphometric and meristic variation in a Palaearctic population of E. salmonis, collected from whitefish Coregonus lavaretus L. and smelt Osmerus eperlaus (L.) from the Bothnian Bay, northern Baltic Sea. Morphological data were compared with published descriptions of congeneric taxa. Nearctic populations of salmonid echinorhynchids considered by some to represent a distinct species, E. coregoni Linkins in Van Cleave, 1919, did not show any morphological divergence from Palaearctic populations, indicating that the name E. coregoni should be suppressed. Similarly, E. alpinus Linstow, 1901 has been considered to be a junior synonym of E. salmonis. However, E. alpinus should be regarded as a valid species, because it has a longer and more elongate body. The armature of the acanthocephalan proboscis typically displays radial symmetry. However, in E. salmonis the hooks on the dorsal surface of the proboscis are smaller than those on the ventral surface. Size differences between dorsal and ventral hooks are most pronounced at the base of the proboscis. The systematic and functional significance of radial asymmetry of proboscis hooks is discussed.</p>
},
	keywords = {Acanthocephala, Acanthocephalus, animal, Animalia, Animals, article, Coregonus, Coregonus lavaretus, Echinorhynchida, Echinorhynchidae, Echinorhynchus, Echinorhynchus salmonis, Female, Finland, histology, intestine, Intestines, Male, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Osmeriformes, Osmerus, Parasitology, Pisces, salmonid, Salmonidae, Salmoniformes, scanning electron microscopy, sea water, Seawater, ultrastructure},
	isbn = {01655752 (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-3442880780\&partnerID=40\&md5=2b2061d41175647a4135313c36d16ecf},
	author = {Wayland, M.T. and Gibson, D.I. and Sommerville, C.}
}
